Description of Test
This is a test of reading comprehension. The test is based on two passages of written text, each of which is followed by 13 multiple-choice comprehension questions based on the text. The relevant passage remains on screen to allow twins to re-read it if necessary.
At the start of the test, passage 1 is presented on its own for twins to read. Twins then press a "next" button when they are ready to start the questions. 13 questions about passage 1 then follow (one question at a time). For each question, there are four possible responses, labelled A, B, C and D, only one of which is correct. Below each question, the passage is reproduced in a scrollable box for reference. A "come back later" link also appears on each page.
After the 13 questions about passage 1, passage 2 is presented followed by the 13 questions relating to passage 2. The two passages, and the 26 questions, are shown in full further down this page.
The items are presented in numerical item number order for each passage, without branching or discontinue rules. There is no time limit for reading the passages or for responding to each item, so item timeouts do not occur. A "come back later" button is presented on screen for all items.
Test Rules
- Scoring
For each item, the correct response is given a score of 1, and any other response is given a score of 0. The total test score is the sum of the item scores. The maximum total score for the test is 26.
Item Variables
The item variables relating to the Passages test, as listed in the table below, were generated automatically by programs on the web server during the course of the test. Note that the dataset only includes data for completed tests. If a twin started the test but left it unfinished, then the data for the test were not used.
In most cases the values of these variables have been left unaltered, although some have been recoded during data cleaning as follows. See the web data cleaning page for further details.
- For items that crashed or malfunctioned in any way, the item response variable is recoded from missing to -4, and the item score is recoded from missing to 0.
- For twins identified as random responders in this test, the status flag is recoded from 2 to 4, the data flag is recoded from 1 to 0, and all item variables are recoded to missing (test data deleted)
The test start and end dates and times, and item answer and download times, have not been retained in the dataset.
Variables | Explanation | Values |
---|---|---|
pcpsstat1/2 | Status flag: outcome of test | 0=not started, 1=started but not finished, 2=successfully completed, 4=random responses |
pcpsdata1/2 | Data flag: is test data present? | 0=no, 1=yes |
pcpstot1/2 | Total score for this test, out of 26. | 0 to 26 (integer values) |
pcpsquan1/2 | Number of questions answered in the test (includes reading the 2 passages and answering the 26 questions) | integer values up to 28 |
pcpsstdt1/2 | Start date of the test [not in dataset] | Date values |
pcpssttm1/2 | Start time of the test [not in dataset] | Time values |
pcpsendt1/2 | End date of the test [not in dataset] | Date values |
pcpsentm1/2 | End time of the test [not in dataset] | Time values |
pcpssess1/2 | Number of sessions (at the computer) used by the twin to complete the test. | Integer values of 1 or above |
pcpstmel1/2 | Total time elapsed during the test, in seconds | Integer values (number of seconds) |
pcpsXrdt1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2) |
Reading time for the passage (before proceeding to questions), in seconds [not in dataset] | Integer values (number of seconds) |
pcpsXrddt1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2) |
Download time for the passage (before proceeding to questions), in seconds: time needed to download files for the passage [not in dataset] | Integer values (number of seconds) |
pcpsXYYan1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2, and YY is the passage item 01 to 13) |
Item response | 1=A, 2=B, 3=C, 4=D, -4=item crashed |
pcpsXYYsc1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2, and YY is the passage item 01 to 13) |
Item score | 0=incorrect, 1=correct |
pcpsXYYat1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2, and YY is the passage item 01 to 13) |
Answer time: length of time (in seconds) taken by the twin to respond to this item [not in dataset] | Integer values (number of seconds) |
pcpsXYYdt1/2 (X is the passage number, 1 or 2, and YY is the passage item 01 to 13) |
Download time: length of time (in seconds) between the end of the previous item and the start of this item; time needed to download files for this item [not in dataset] | Integer values (number of seconds) |
The Passages
Passage 1: The Roots of Wailind Dale’s Spirit
For a long time my wife had insisted that we get hold of some electric heating for the winter. But I was reluctant to comply: our house was on the top of a small, chilly mount called Tinperlock Dale, and there was a dark wood on the slope right behind our house. We could just chop down a tree from there, so why bother with the installation of an electric heater?
I asked my neighbour about it, and he concurred with me with such an inflexible demeanour that I felt rewarded about standing my ground with my wife. ‘Electric heating,’ he chuckled, his tone rather jocund. ‘What’s the rationale behind it, when we’ve got trees brimming up at us from every cardinal point of the forest?’ He then proceeded to walk around to the back of his house and chop down the old oak which grew there.
‘This,’ he told his wife, ‘is going to keep us warm all winter’. His name was Wilf, and he lived on Wailind Dale, the hill next to ours. He was a gruff, sanguine man with a rich moustache.
Last October, however, as I passed by his house I noticed some workers installing an electric heater. I queried Wilf about it, but he seemed uneasy, and his answers were evasive. His wife appeared pale and withdrawn and was certainly not rejoicing in the event. I didn’t understand why.
My wife took the news as a chance to renew her symposiums on the subject. ‘I do not want something that we do not need!’, I found myself repeating every night. But I could see that she was not convinced.
November came, and the air started getting rather crisp; the mud took a livid texture and puddles stared at the sky with eyes of glass. Once, ambling into a tavern in town, I saw that Wilf was sitting there. I cheered and sat at his table to share a meal. After a few pints of ale had been imbibed, and while we were having our last pipe before taking leave, I gathered my courage and asked what had finally persuaded him to get a heater.
He took the pipe out of his mouth and looked away. ‘George, there are some things,’ he said, speaking softly, ‘which I’d rather not discuss. Not anymore. Not, in fact, ever.’
I left him after that, not knowing what to say. But on the way home, as I walked the path that arched around Wailind Dale and towards home, I saw the silhouette of their house thrown against the stars, and I recognised an ominous shape standing behind it which made me freeze in terror: it was the tree. The tree, shining against the moon as though it had never been cut down – and the wind running through it became twisted into a low-pitched howl. It was a ghost, I tell you. The ghost of a tree.
On coming home, I sat at the table and said, in a croak: ‘Perhaps we should get some electric heating for this winter.’
Passage 2: Florence Broadhurst – Living a Life in Colour
Words used to describe Florence Maud Broadhurst include multi-talented, flamboyant, colourful, pioneering and mystery. Born in 1899 in Australia, by her teens Florence Broadhurst was a celebrated singer and spent her early years touring East Asia with a musical troupe. She eventually settled in Shanghai for a time in the 1920s where she set up a music school, the Broadhurst Academy.
Florence moved onto London in 1933 where she opened a boutique in Bond Street and called herself Madame Pellier. She lived out the war years in England but later returned to Australia in 1949. During the next decade she produced over one hundred landscape paintings which were exhibited to great acclaim. However, it is for her stunningly original wallpaper designs that she is best known.
In 1959 Florence Broadhurst established a company in Sydney to manufacture her hand-painted wallpaper which was, at the time, unique. She went on to pioneer a number of new techniques for the production of her wallpaper, which meant she could mass-produce her designs. These included drying systems, printing onto metallic surfaces and using a washable, vinyl-coated finish.
When it came to establishing her own style, Broadhurst broke with tradition, which proved to be the source of her success. Her colourful, repeating floral designs became increasingly desirable in fashionable circles. Some of her designs were oriental in style and no doubt influenced by her early years. Her wallpaper patterns contained 100s of designs in combinations of many different colours, all of which reflected her vibrant character - vivid pinks, vibrant yellows, olive greens, bright oranges, sea blues, dusky blacks, burnished silvers and gold. She described her hand-printed creations as “vigorous designs for modern living”. By the mid-1970s her luxurious prints dominated the Australian market and were exported worldwide. At this time there were up to 800 individual designs in 80 striking colours. Her flamboyant signature became her trademark.
In Australia, Florence became quite a celebrity with her elaborate dress-sense and burnt orange hair. She was an enthusiastic fund raiser, arranging events for charitable organisations including the Australian Red Cross.
In 1977 Florence Broadhurst was tragically found dead at her studio in Sydney. Mystery enshrouded her death over thirty years ago and still to this day nobody really knows the truth of what happened, although there has been much speculation. However, she remains a well-respected artist and forward-thinker in the world of interior design and her popularity is growing once again as contemporary world-leading fashion and interior designers rediscover her prints.
In 2006, the film ‘Unfolding Florence - The many lives of Florence Broadhurst’ was released which documents the life of this extraordinary woman. It is said that ‘invention and reinvention’ truly were the keys to her unique existence.
Test Items
The questions in the table below relate to the two passages above.
Item no. | Passage | Passage item no. | Question | Response A | Response B | Response C | Response D | Correct Response |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1 | 1 | How would chopping down the oak make electric heating superfluous? | the tree would be used as wood | the wood would be used as fuel | there were many trees around | electric heating would be more expensive | B |
102 | 1 | 2 | In the second paragraph, what does it mean to speak ‘in a jocund tone’? | to sound bitterly sarcastic | to sound as though one is lying | to sound jolly and cheerful | to sound excited | C |
103 | 1 | 3 | Wilf is described as a “gruff, sanguine man with a rich moustache”. In this context, what does ‘rich’ mean? | expensive | an ugly moustache | Wilf had lots of money | a big, full moustache | D |
104 | 1 | 4 | What were the workers doing at Wilf’s house? | chopping down trees | enlarging the fireplace | having their dinner | installing an electric heater | D |
105 | 1 | 5 | Why do you think that Wilf’s wife was pale? | because she was ill | because she was cold | because she had seen a ghost | because she was upset | C |
106 | 1 | 6 | In Paragraph 4, what does ‘evasive’ mean? | defensive | avoiding the subject | vague | hesitating | B |
107 | 1 | 7 | What characteristics does the image ‘puddles stared at the sky with eyes of glass’ suggest about the puddles? | that they were alive | that they were empty and sad | that they were reflective and bright | that they were cold | C |
108 | 1 | 8 | How do you think Wilf felt when he said that he didn’t want to discuss certain topics any more? | frightened and uneasy | evasive | annoyed and disappointed | embarrassed | A |
109 | 1 | 9 | In paragraph 6, what does ‘imbibed’ mean? | consumed | drunk | ate | considered | B |
110 | 1 | 10 | Why is the author terrified by the sight of a tree in the night? | it was unnaturally large | Wilf had cut it down earlier | the tree shouldn't be there, it is a ghost tree | it wasn't supposed to be there | C |
111 | 1 | 11 | Why did the author’s last sentence come out ‘in a croak’. | because he was embarrassed to be so near his neighbour's house | because he didn't expect to see trees in that area | because his throat was dry | because he was frightened by seeing a ghost tree | D |
112 | 1 | 12 | How do you think George’s wife would feel about his change of heart? | she would feel pleased and surprised | she would lecture him on his failings | she would agree | she would feel annoyed and disappointed | A |
113 | 1 | 13 | Why do you think this passage is called ‘The Roots of Wailind Dale’s Spirit’? | because it is set in Wailind Dale | because Wailind Dale lifts the spirits | because the tree has come back as a spirit | because the author has his roots in the area | C |
201 | 2 | 1 | Florence is also described as ‘flamboyant’. What does flamboyant mean? | intelligent | colourful and showy | burnt orange | understated | B |
202 | 2 | 2 | What was Florence’s occupation in her youth? | traveller | singer | interior decorator | painter | B |
203 | 2 | 3 | In what way was she pioneering? | she moved rapidly from one thing to another | she developed new techniques to mass-produce wallpaper | the themes of her paintings were drawn from the early Australian pioneers | she opened a music school in China | B |
204 | 2 | 4 | Where did Florence establish the Broadhurst Academy? | Australia | Shanghai | East Asia | London | B |
205 | 2 | 5 | Where did Florence live during the Second World War? | Australia | England | China | France | B |
206 | 2 | 6 | During the 1950’s what was Florence also known for? | hand-painted wallpaper | singing | portraits | landscape paintings | D |
207 | 2 | 7 | What is Florence best known for? | designing wallpaper patterns | her flamboyance | landscape paintings | her use of vibrant colour | A |
208 | 2 | 8 | In the context of paragraph 2, what does ‘acclaim’ mean? | great praise | success | wealth | disapproval | A |
209 | 2 | 9 | Name three wallpaper production techniques that Florence introduced. | hand-painting; oriental designs; tailor-made service | floral designs; vibrant colour; luxurious fabrics | drying systems; printing onto metallic surfaces; using a washable, vinyl-coated finish | printing onto ceramic surfaces; hydrating systems; using an oil-based finish | C |
210 | 2 | 10 | How does the author effectively describe the colours that Florence used in producing her wallpapers? | by emphasizing that they were vinyl-coated and washable | by suggesting that her colour schemes matched her flamboyant character | by describing the vigorous designs | by using additional words to describe the colours such as vivid, vibrant, burnished, etc. | D |
211 | 2 | 11 | Name three cities where Florence lived. | Australia; England; China | Shanghai; London; Sydney | Tokyo; Paris; London | Broadhurst; Bond Street; East Asia | B |
212 | 2 | 12 | In the context of paragraph 6, what does ‘speculation’ mean? | discussion of the facts | taking risks to make money | forming a conclusion based on facts | rumours and ideas | D |
213 | 2 | 13 | Why do you think the 2006 film was entitled ‘Unfolding Florence’? | all her personal effects had been put away after her death | it reveals a lot about Florence Broadhurst | it emphasises the air of mystery surrounding Florence Broadhurst’s death | the title refers to the way her wallpaper could be easily folded and unfolded for storage | B |